The imperative form gives a strong, direct order. It sounds rough, so it is used mainly by men to close friends, family members, or people below them, and it is not used to teachers, bosses, or customers. It is also heard in emergencies (逃げろ!), when cheering (がんばれ!), and on road signs (止まれ). It is often used inside a quotation to report an order: 父は「早く寝ろ」と言いました. 〜てくれ is a rough, casual way to ask someone to do something for you.
§1Structure
Group I (五段) verbs: change the last -u sound to -e (書く → 書け, 飲む → 飲め, 待つ → 待て, 走る → 走れ, 言う → 言え, 行く → 行け). Group II (一段) verbs: change る to ろ (食べる → 食べろ, 見る → 見ろ, 起きる → 起きろ). Group III: する → しろ, 来る → 来い (こい). くれる becomes くれ, so 〜てくれる becomes 〜てくれ (待ってくれ). The negative command ('Don't ...') is dictionary form + な (行くな).
§2Examples
早く起きろ。学校に遅れるよ。
はやくおきろ。がっこうにおくれるよ。
Get up quickly. You'll be late for school.
危ない!止まれ!
あぶない!とまれ!
Watch out! Stop!
がんばれ!もう少しだ。
がんばれ!もうすこしだ。
Hang in there! Just a little more.
こっちへ来い。
こっちへこい。
Come over here.
もっとまじめに勉強しろ。
もっとまじめにべんきょうしろ。
Study more seriously.
ちょっと待ってくれ。
ちょっとまってくれ。
Wait a moment, will you?
「コーチは何と言いましたか。」「もっと走れと言いました。」
「コーチはなんといいましたか。」「もっとはしれといいました。」
"What did the coach say?" "He told us to run more."
心配するな。これを持っていけ。
しんぱいするな。これをもっていけ。
Don't worry. Take this with you.
§3Common mistakes
- Mixing up the endings of Group I and Group II. ✕ 食べれ ✕ 見れ → ○ 食べろ ○ 見ろ (Group II: る → ろ). ✕ 帰ろ ✕ 走ろ → ○ 帰れ ○ 走れ. 帰る, 走る, 入る, and 切る look like Group II verbs, but they are Group I, so the last sound changes to -e.
- Wrong forms for the irregular verbs. ✕ 来ろ (きろ) ✕ 来れ → ○ 来い (こい). ✕ すれ ✕ しれ → ○ しろ. Also, くれる becomes くれ, not ✕ くれろ: 見せてくれ.
- Using the imperative form to a teacher, a boss, a customer, or a stranger because it looks like the English imperative 'Please sit', 'Come here'. In Japanese it sounds like a rough order. ✕ 先生、もう一度言え → ○ 先生、もう一度言ってください / 言っていただけませんか.
§4How it's different from similar grammar
- 〜なさい (softer command)
- Both give an order, but the tone is different. The imperative form is rough and strong: 早く食べろ (Eat quickly! — for example, a father speaking angrily). なさい is softer and sounds like guidance from a parent or teacher: 早く食べなさい (Eat quickly — a parent to a child). なさい is also used in test instructions.
- 〜てください (polite request)
- てください is a polite request and can be used to almost anyone: ここに名前を書いてください (Please write your name here). The imperative form is an order and is not polite: ここに名前を書け (Write your name here!). In the same way, 〜てくれ is the rough, casual partner of 〜てください: 手伝ってくれ / 手伝ってください.
§5How this shows up on the JLPT
In grammar-form questions, you may need to choose the correct imperative form, so learn the three rules (Group I: -u → -e, Group II: る → ろ, しろ / 来い) and watch out for Group I verbs that end in る (帰れ, 走れ, 入れ). The imperative form often appears inside a quotation: 父に「早く帰れ」と言われました, or in the explanation of a sign: このマークは「止まれ」という意味です. In reading and listening, check who gives the order and who receives it. A sentence with 〜ように言う can report the same order indirectly: 早く帰るように言われました.
§6Quick check (3 questions)
1. Choose the correct form for the blank: 危ない!車が来るぞ。__!
あぶない!くるまがくるぞ。__!
2. Which pair of dictionary form → imperative form is WRONG?
3. A student wants the teacher to check a composition. Which sentence is appropriate?