Skip to content本文へスキップ

Easy JLPT NewsJLPT N4 Grammar

JLPT N4

〜な(禁止)

Don't ...! (strong prohibition)

← All N4 grammar pointsTiếng Việt

Dictionary form + な is a strong, direct order not to do something. It is the negative partner of the imperative form (行け ↔ 行くな). It sounds rough, so it is used mainly by men to close friends, family, or people below them, and it is not used to superiors. It is also used for warnings in danger, in cheering (負けるな!), on signs, and inside quotations that report what someone was told.

§1Structure

Verb dictionary form + な (行く → 行くな, 食べる → 食べるな, する → するな, 来る → 来るな [くるな]). よ can be added to make it a little softer between friends: 忘れるなよ.

§2Examples

  • ここで写真を撮るな。

    ここでしゃしんをとるな。

    Don't take pictures here.

  • 危ないから、その機械に触るな。

    あぶないから、そのきかいにさわるな。

    It's dangerous, so don't touch that machine.

  • 明日の会議に遅れるなよ。

    あしたのかいぎにおくれるなよ。

    Don't be late for tomorrow's meeting, OK?

  • 負けるな!がんばれ!

    まけるな!がんばれ!

    Don't lose! Hang in there!

  • そんなことで泣くな。

    そんなことでなくな。

    Don't cry over something like that.

  • 父に「夜遅くまでゲームをするな」と言われました。

    ちちに「よるおそくまでゲームをするな」といわれました。

    I was told by my father, "Don't play games until late at night."

  • あそこに「入るな」と書いてあります。

    あそこに「はいるな」とかいてあります。

    It says "Do not enter" over there.

  • コーチは本当に「休むな」と言ったんですか。

    コーチはほんとうに「やすむな」といったんですか。

    Did the coach really say, "Don't rest"?

§3Common mistakes

  • Putting な after the wrong form. Prohibition な follows the dictionary form only. ✕ 行かないな ✕ 行ってな → ○ 行くな. Be careful with the ます-stem + な: 行きな and 食べな are short forms of 行きなさい and 食べなさい, so they mean 'Go' and 'Eat' — the opposite of 行くな and 食べるな.
  • Using 〜な to a teacher, a boss, a customer, or a stranger. It is a rough order. For a polite request, use 〜ないでください. ✕ 先生、まだ帰るな → ○ 先生、まだ帰らないでください.
  • Confusing it with the sentence-final な(あ) that shows the speaker's feeling. 今日は暑いな (It's hot today, isn't it) and 明日は休みだな are not prohibitions; this な follows adjectives, nouns + だ, and many other forms. After a dictionary-form verb, the meaning depends on the context and the voice: よく食べるなあ (You really eat a lot!) is a feeling, and まだ食べるな! (Don't eat yet!) is a prohibition.

§4How it's different from similar grammar

〜ないでください (polite negative request)
ないでください politely asks someone not to do something, and it can be used to almost anyone: ここに車を止めないでください (Please don't park your car here). 〜な is a rough order with the same content: ここに車を止めるな (Don't park here!). Note the forms: ない-form + でください, but dictionary form + な.
〜てはいけない (must not)
てはいけない states a rule: something is not allowed. It can be said politely and can explain rules in general: 教室でたばこを吸ってはいけません (You must not smoke in the classroom). 〜な is an order given directly to the listener: たばこを吸うな (Don't smoke!). A sign or a rule can be explained with the two together: このマークは「たばこを吸うな」という意味です。ここで吸ってはいけません。

§5How this shows up on the JLPT

In grammar-form questions, the point is usually the form before な: choose the dictionary form (入るな), not the ない-form, the て-form, or the ます-stem. 〜な often appears together with the imperative form, inside a quotation (「さわるな」と言われました) or in the explanation of a sign (「入るな」という意味です / 「入るな」と書いてあります). In sentence-building questions (the ★ type), remember that 〜な ends the quoted part, so と comes right after it. In reading and listening, decide from the context whether な is a prohibition or the soft sentence-final な(あ) that shows a feeling.

§6Quick check (3 questions)

  • 1. Choose the correct form for the blank: 危ない!そっちへ__な!

    あぶない!そっちへ__な!

  • 2. A sign says 「ここにごみを捨てるな」. What does it mean?

    「ここにごみをすてるな」

  • 3. In which sentence is な a prohibition ('Don't ...')?