〜なければならない
なければならない
Must / have to
Expresses obligation or necessity — something that must be done.
明日までにレポートを出さなければなりません。
あしたまでにレポートをださなければなりません。
I have to submit the report by tomorrow.
Structure
Verb ない-form (drop い) + ければならない
Examples
7
薬は毎日飲まなければならない。
くすりはまいにちのまなければならない。
You must take the medicine every day.
子供の頃、毎朝6時に起きなければなりませんでした。
こどものころ、まいあさろくじにおきなければなりませんでした。
When I was a child, I had to wake up at 6 every morning.
このテストはみんな受けなければなりませんか。
このテストはみんなうけなければなりませんか。
Does everyone have to take this test?
もう帰らなきゃ。
もうかえらなきゃ。
I have to go home now.
今日は暇なので急がなくてもいいですが、明日は朝早く会社に行かなければなりません。
きょうはひまなのでいそがなくてもいいですが、あしたはあさはやくかいしゃにいかなければなりません。
Today I'm free so I don't have to hurry, but tomorrow I have to go to the office early in the morning.
本当に行かなければならないの?
ほんとうにいかなければならないの?
Do I really have to go?
Common mistakes
3
- Confusing なければならない (must do) with なくてもいい (don't have to) simply because both contain ない — they express opposite obligations.
- Forgetting to drop the final い of the ない-form before adding ければ (incorrect: 飲まないければならない; correct: 飲まなければならない).
- Using the full, formal なければなりません in very casual conversation with friends, where the contracted なきゃ or なくちゃ sounds much more natural.
How it's different from similar grammar
2
- べきだ (should)
- なければならない expresses an objective necessity or rule-based obligation (must, as a matter of fact/rule): 税金を払わなければなりません (You must pay taxes — it's the law). べきだ expresses the speaker's subjective opinion about what is morally or socially the right thing to do: もっと勉強するべきだ (You should study more — my opinion), which is softer and more about advice than a strict rule.
- なくてもいい (don't have to)
- なければならない and なくてもいい are functional opposites, not grammatical negations of each other: なければならない = must do (obligation), while なくてもいい = don't have to (no obligation/optional): 明日、来なければなりません (You must come tomorrow) vs. 明日、来なくてもいいです (You don't have to come tomorrow).
How this shows up on the JLPT
N4 grammar tests both the full form (なければならない/なりません) and recognizing its casual contractions (なきゃ, なくちゃ) in listening sections; questions also test distinguishing it from なくてもいい (no obligation) and てはいけない (prohibition).
Quick check (3 questions)
Conjugate 食べる (to eat) into the なければならない form correctly.
たべる
Which sentence means 'I don't have to go to work tomorrow' (as opposed to 'I must go')?
In casual speech with close friends, which is the most natural way to say 'I have to leave for the station soon'?
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