The passive form tells a story from the side of the person who receives an action. The active sentence 先生はわたしをほめました (The teacher praised me) becomes わたしは先生にほめられました (I was praised by the teacher). The person who receives the action is the subject, and the person who does it is marked with に. Japanese speakers often choose the passive when they talk about something that was done to themselves.
§1Structure
Group I (五段): change the final -u sound to the -a sound + れる (書く → 書かれる, 読む → 読まれる, 呼ぶ → 呼ばれる, 押す → 押される, しかる → しかられる, 待つ → 待たれる; verbs ending in う become われる: 言う → 言われる, 誘う → 誘われる). Group II (一段): drop る + られる (ほめる → ほめられる, 見る → 見られる). Group III: する → される, 来る → 来られる (こられる). Every passive verb conjugates as a Group II verb (ほめられます, ほめられない, ほめられた, ほめられて). Sentence pattern: [person affected] は / が + [doer] に + passive verb.
§2Examples
わたしは先生にほめられました。
わたしはせんせいにほめられました。
I was praised by the teacher.
弟は母にしかられました。
おとうとはははにしかられました。
My younger brother was scolded by our mother.
田中さんは部長に呼ばれて、会議室へ行きました。
たなかさんはぶちょうによばれて、かいぎしつへいきました。
Mr. Tanaka was called by the department manager and went to the meeting room.
きのう、駅で知らない人に道を聞かれた。
きのう、えきでしらないひとにみちをきかれた。
Yesterday, I was asked the way by a stranger at the station.
リンさんも田中さんのパーティーに招待されましたか。
リンさんもたなかさんのパーティーにしょうたいされましたか。
Were you invited to Mr. Tanaka's party too, Linh?
わたしは子どものとき、あまり親にしかられませんでした。
わたしはこどものとき、あまりおやにしかられませんでした。
When I was a child, I was not scolded by my parents very much.
妹は犬にかまれて、病院へ行った。
いもうとはいぬにかまれて、びょういんへいった。
My younger sister was bitten by a dog and went to the hospital.
友だちに映画に誘われたが、忙しくて行けなかった。
ともだちにえいがにさそわれたが、いそがしくていけなかった。
I was invited to a movie by a friend, but I was busy and couldn't go.
§3Common mistakes
- Keeping the particles of the active sentence. ✕ 先生がわたしをほめられました → ○ わたしは先生にほめられました. In a passive sentence, the person who receives the action takes は / が, and the person who does the action takes に.
- Making the Group I passive from the wrong sound. ✕ 言あれる ✕ 言えられる → ○ 言われる. ✕ 読みれる ✕ 読められる → ○ 読まれる. Change -u to -a and add れる; verbs ending in う use わ: 買う → 買われる, 笑う → 笑われる.
- Using the passive when you are thankful for the action. △ わたしは先生に作文を直されました sounds as if you did not like it. When someone kindly did something for you, use 〜てもらう: ○ わたしは先生に作文を直してもらいました.
§4How it's different from similar grammar
- Potential form (can do)
- For Group II verbs and 来る, the passive and the potential have the same form (見られる, 食べられる, 来られる), so you tell them apart by the particles and the context. 学生に見られる with a doer + に is passive: 'be seen by students'. この動物園ではパンダが見られる with が and no doer is potential: 'you can see pandas at this zoo'. For Group I verbs, the forms are different: 読まれる (passive, -a + れる) but 読める (potential, -e + る); する becomes される (passive) but できる (potential).
- 〜てもらう (have someone kindly do)
- Both have the receiver as the subject and mark the doer with に, but the feeling is different. 〜てもらう shows that the speaker is grateful: 友だちに駅まで送ってもらいました (My friend kindly took me to the station). The passive only reports what was done to the person, and with many verbs it suggests that the person was troubled: 友だちに秘密を話されました (My friend told my secret, and I was unhappy about it). Verbs such as ほめる, 招待する, 誘う and 頼む are commonly used in the passive without a bad feeling.
§5How this shows up on the JLPT
Grammar-form questions test two things. First, the form: be ready to make 言われる, 呼ばれる, しかられる, 招待される and 来られる quickly, and do not confuse the passive 読まれる with the potential 読める or the causative 読ませる. Second, the particles: in a sentence that ends with a passive verb, the blank after the doer is に. In sentence-ordering questions, place [doer] に right before what was done and the passive verb. In listening and reading, always check who did the action and who received it, because the subject わたしは is often left out.
§6Quick check (3 questions)
1. Which is the passive form of 言う?
いう
2. Choose the best form for the blank: リンさんは発音をまちがえて、みんなに__。
リンさんははつおんをまちがえて、みんなに__。
3. Which sentence correctly means 'My mother wakes me up every morning'?